广州市冬季一次典型臭氧污染过程分析

为探究广州市2020年冬季（1月）一次臭氧污染过程,分析了气象条件对臭氧污染产生的影响;运用臭氧生成潜势（OFP）和正交矩阵因子分解法（PMF）分析了影响臭氧的主要挥发性有机物（VOCs）物种和来源;通过经验动力学建模方法（EKMA）识别了臭氧生成控制区,并提出了相应的前体物减排策略.结果表明,本次臭氧污染过程中同时出现了NO₂超标,并且PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度也处于高位,体现出和夏、秋季不同的大气复合污染特征;夜间边界层高度低（<75 m）和大气稳定度高加剧了臭氧前体物和颗粒物的累积,日间温度升高约5℃、太阳辐射增强约10%和水平风速小（<1 m ·s^-1）等气象条件加剧了光化学反应,促进了臭氧和颗粒物的生成.冬季VOCs组分以烷烃为主（占比为68.2%）,且烷烃和炔烃占比较其他季节更高,但芳香烃（二甲苯和甲苯）和丙烯是臭氧生成的关键VOCs物种;源解析结果显示,VOCs的主要来源为汽车尾气（22.4%）、溶剂使用（20.5%）和工业排放（17.9%）,其中溶剂使用的OFP最高;臭氧本地生成主要受VOCs控制,前体物VOCs和NO_x按比例3 ：1进行削减较为合理.研究探索了冬季臭氧污染的成因,为开展重污染季节O₃和PM_2.5协同控制提供科学支撑.     

港口地区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及来源分析

为探究港口地区污染大气中多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染特征和潜在来源,以青岛港为研究对象,于2018年8月至2019年5月期间采集了4个季节的PM_2.5样品（n=59）,分析了PM_2.5中PAHs的季节变化和组成特征,使用相关性分析探索了气象因素对PAHs浓度的影响,并采用正定矩阵因子分解和潜在来源贡献函数模型对潜在来源进行解析.结果表明,ρ（PAHs）平均值为（8.11±12.31） ng·m^-3,秋冬季节高于春夏季节.PAHs的季节性分子组成相似,以4~5环PAHs （75.43%）为主.荧蒽、苯并［e］芘、苯并［a］蒽、菲、芘和䓛是研究区域PAHs的优势物种,这与船舶尾气中主要化合物组成相似.相关性分析表明,PAHs浓度与温度和相对湿度呈极显著负相关,与大气压和风向呈极显著正相关,与风速的相关性较差.PMF分析提取出6个贡献因子,结果表明,青岛港地区受航运排放（28.83%）影响最大,其次是机动车排放（20.49%）以及原油挥发（13.47%）等,夏季受航运排放影响最大.PSCF结果表明,京津冀、环渤海和鲁北地区是远距离传输的主要来源区域.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 in a petrochemical city: Implications for primary and secondary carbonaceous component

To study the pollution features and underlying mechanism of PM_2.5 in Luoyang, a typical developing urban site in the central plain of China, 303 PM_2.5 samples were collected from April 16 to December 29, 2015 to analyze the elements, water soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon and elemental carbon. The annual mean concentration of PM_2.5 was 142.3 μg/m³, and 75% of the daily PM_2.5 concentrations exceeded the 75 μg/m³. The secondary inorganic ions, organic matter and mineral dust were the most abundant species, accounting for 39.6%, 19.2% and 9.3% of the total mass concentration, respectively. But the major chemical components showed clear seasonal dependence. SO₄^2? was most abundant specie in spring and summer, which related to intensive photochemical reaction under high O₃ concentration. In contrast, the secondary organic carbon and ammonium while primary organic carbon and ammonium significantly contributed to haze formation in autumn and winter, respectively. This indicated that the collaboration effect of secondary inorganic aerosols and carbonaceous matters result in heavy haze in autumn and winter. Six main sources were identified by positive matrix factorization model: industrial emission, combustion sources, traffic emission, mineral dust, oil combustion and secondary sulfate, with the annual contribution of 24%, 20%, 24%, 4%, 5% and 23%, respectively. The potential source contribution function analysis pointed that the contribution of the local and short-range regional transportation had significant impact. This result highlighted that local primary carbonaceous and precursor of secondary carbonaceous mitigation would be key to reduce PM_2.5 and O₃ during heavy haze episodes in winter and autumn.     

正定矩阵因子分解模型在环境中多环芳烃源解析方面的应用

<正>定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)自1993年开发至今,其在环境中持久性有毒物质(PTS),尤其是多环芳烃(PAHs)源解析中的应用取得了重大研究进展。简要介绍了PMF模型的基本原理,在综述该模型用于土壤/沉积物、大气及水体中PAHs源解析现状的基础上,结合其在实际工作的应用,评述了其在环境中PAHs源解析方面的应用潜力及发展前景。     

Flow and transport in fractured tuff at Yucca Mountain: numerical experiments on fast preferential flow mechanisms

Recent discovery of bomb-related ³⁶Cl at depth in fractured tuff in the unsaturated zone at the Yucca Mountain candidate high-level waste (HLW) repository site has called into question the usual modeling assumptions based on the equivalent continuum model (ECM). A dual continuum model (DCM) for simulating transient flow and transport at Yucca Mountain is developed. In order to ensure properly converged flow solutions, which are used in the transport simulation, a new flow solution convergence criteria is derived. An extensive series of simulation studies is presented which indicates that rapid movement of solute through the fractures will not occur unless there are intense episodic infiltration events. Movement of solute in the environs of the repository is enhanced if the properties of the tuff layer at the repository horizon are modified from current best-estimate values. Due to a large advective–dispersive coupling between the matrix and fractures, the matrix acts as a major buffer which inhibits rapid transport along the fractures. Consequently, fast movement of solutes through the fractures to the repository depth can only be explained if the matrix–fracture coupling term is significantly reduced from a value that would be calculated on the basis of data currently available.     

天津市郊夏季的臭氧变化特征及其前体物VOCs的来源解析

本文利用天津市南开大学津南校区大气环境综合观测站的臭氧及其前体物（VOCs和NO_x）、气象参数等在线监测仪器,获取了2018年夏季（6~8月）小时分辨率的数据信息;分析臭氧及其前体物的相互关系及变化特征;根据光化学年龄计算出VOCs的初始浓度对其日间（06：00~24：00）VOCs体积分数的光化学损耗进行修正;将初始体积分数和直接监测的VOCs体积分数分别纳入PMF模型进行人为源的来源解析.结果表明,夏季天津O₃的平均体积分数为（41.3±25.7）×10^-9,而VOCs的平均体积分数为（13.9±12.3）×10^-9,其中烷烃的平均体积分数（7.0±6.8）×10^-9明显高于其它VOCs物种.烷烃中浓度较高的物种分别为丙烷和乙烷,占总烷烃浓度贡献的47%.夏季O₃的生成潜势（OFP）平均值为52.1×10^-9,其中烯烃的OFP值最高,对于TVOCs臭氧生成潜势的贡献达到57%.VOCs日间光化学损耗量计算结果表明,烯烃日间损耗占VOCs损耗总量的75%.基于初始浓度解析的VOCs来源分别为：化工排放和溶剂使用（25%）、机动车尾气（22%）、燃烧源（19%）、天然气和液化石油气（19%）和汽油挥发（15%）.相比于直接将监测浓度纳入PMF解析的结果,化工排放和溶剂使用贡献百分占比下降4%,机动车尾气贡献百分占比下降5%.利用PMF源解析结果结合OFP分析不同源类对臭氧污染的相对贡献,基于初始体积分数数据的结果显示,贡献最高源类为化工排放和溶剂使用（26%）.与利用直接监测数据的解析结果相比,化工排放和溶剂使用的OFP值降低7%,天然气和液化石油气的OFP值明显降低13%.     

长江重庆段溶解性有机物的荧光特性分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs),并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)及主成分分析(PCA),研究了长江重庆段溶解有机物(DOM)的荧光组分特征及其污染来源,并探讨了荧光强度同溶解性有机碳(DOC)及溶解氧(DO)的相关性.结果表明,PARAFAC模型识别出长江重庆段DOM由2类6个荧光组分组成,即类腐殖质荧光组分C1(350/422 nm)、C4(245,305/395 nm)、C5(260,340/420 nm)、C6(260/480 nm)及类蛋白荧光组分C2(275/300 nm)、C3(227,278/329 nm).在DOM来源组成中,陆源的类腐殖质含量占62.56%,类蛋白物质含量占31.31%.类腐殖质组分的荧光强度同DOC的含量存在明显的线性正相关(r=0.73),类蛋白组分的荧光强度同DO的含量呈明显的线性负相关(r=0.80).EEMs-PARAFAC不仅可以表征长江重庆段DOM的光谱特征,示踪长江重庆段的有机污染程度,还可以为三峡库区水体保护提供依据.     

Phenol degradation using combined effects of hydrodynamic cavitation and oxidant: Doehlert matrix

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-based treatments have been proposed for the degradation of phenol as a toxic pollutant. The present work aimed to optimize the degradation of phenol using HC by means of Doehlert experimental design, which has not been previously addressed. Initially, operational parameters of hydraulic characteristics of the pump, inlet pressure, solution pH, and initial concentration were optimized; later, the effects of pH solution and H₂O₂ loading or initial pollutant concentration on phenol degradation were explored using the Doehlert experimental design. It was observed that phenol degradation is strongly dependent on the pH of the solution. Also, the acidic condition favors the formation of hydroxyl radicals and thus, the degradation of phenol. Based on the Doehlert matrix, the 94.1% phenol degradation and 68.60% total organic carbon (TOC) were obtained in 180 min at 304.5 mg/L of hydrogen peroxide at an initial concentration of 20 mg/L, 2.0 pH, and 90 psi inlet pressure, providing a cavitational yield of 6.33 × 10⁻⁶ mg/J and minimum treatment cost of US$/L 0.13. Overall, it has been observed that HC can be a promising route for the removal of pollutants (phenol) effectively using hydrogen peroxide as an additive.     

山区生态产业及其环境保育的作用研究

山区生态产业是依赖于山区丰富的自然资源按照生态学原理组织形成的生态与经济有机统一的产业发展形式。本文阐述了山区生态产业七个方面的特征：即山区生态产业对自然资源的特殊依赖性、受高度景观带的制约性、结构多样性与复杂性、建设长期性、经济收益级差性、开发水平落后性和开发任务艰巨性。在此基础上,文章从要素调控设计、垂直带幅生态调控设计、产业模式系统生态设计出发探讨了生态产业与垂直地带性的构建关系,并举例说明了山区生态产业开发建设对环境保护的积极作用。得出了山区生态产业的开发就是努力避免产业活动对生态环境干扰的逆向作用,积极引导与实现产业活动对生态环境干扰的正向作用的结论。     

北京市空气质量及其与能源消费结构的动态关联

运用模糊集理论中的Euclidean权距离评价2002—2011年北京市空气质量。根据最大隶属度原则确定空气质量等级值,结合灰色系统理论中的关联动态矩阵分析法,研究北京市主要大气污染物与9种能源消费因子的动态关系。结果表明,2002、2004—2007年北京市空气质量处于Ⅲ级,2003、2008—2011年处于Ⅱ级,空气质量由劣到优的年份排序为2002、2011、2010、2006、2007、2009、2008、2005、2004、2003年,2003、2008年空气质量得到改善,2009年以来有所恶化;燃料油、焦炭和煤炭是造成北京市大气污染的前3位能源,天然气是最清洁的能源;同种能源与不同污染物的关联程度相似;同种能源与污染物在不同时间段的关联序基本不变,不同能源因子分别表现出"缓慢上升"、"逐渐升高"、"水平S"型和"倒U"型4种态势;燃料油与大气污染物"同增同减",大气污染物与燃料油正相关;天然气与大气污染物"此涨彼消",天然气与大气污染物负相关。